Browsing by Author "Cherian, RS"

Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
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    Effect of surface modified reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles on cerebellar granule neurons
    (Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 2020-05) Cherian, RS; Ashtami, J; Mohanan, PV
    Graphene has been the cornerstone material in various disciplines owing to its captivating properties. But graphene also exerts some toxic effects apart from its extraordinary characteristics. Various surface functionalizations on graphene are developed in order to overcome the toxicity. In this background, pluronics functionalization of reduced graphene oxide was done as an effort to modify its colloidal stability. Effect of pluronics functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO-P) on cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) was examined to infer on its neurotoxic potential. Male Wister rats were exposed to rGO-P and were analyzed for acute toxicity and toxicokinetic studies. Immunotoxicity was performed on rGO-P exposed female rats on the 7th day of gestation by tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. CGNs were also isolated from rat newborns born to female rats dams exposed with rGO-P and examined for any subsequent toxic reactions. The findings suggest that CGNs isolated from rat newborns pups born to particle exposed female rats dams showed normal cell yield and morphology. Findings from toxicokinetic studies using confocal Raman mapping revealed that rGO-P has got cleared off from the blood within 21 days. Overall results validate rGO-P as safe for in vivo systems. Hence rGO-P can be fine-tuned to serve the purpose of neurobiological applications promisingly for neuroregeneration.
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    Evaluation of Toxicity of Maura Reduced Graphene Oxide using In vitro Systems
    (J Nanomed Nanotechnol., 2014) Cherian, RS; Sreejith, R; Syama, S; Sruthi, S; Gayathri, V; Maekawa, T; Sakthikumar, D; Mohanan, PV
    The intriguing properties of graphene has paved way for many potential biomedical applications like drug delivery, tissue engineered scaffold, bio sensing and so on. Here, we report the interaction of Maura reduced graphene oxide (MRGO) with the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs), as there is a likelihood of graphene coming in contact with the blood through intentional or accidental exposure. MRGO was synthesized by reducing graphene oxide using Halomonas Maura and autoclaved subsequently to prevent microbial contamination. It was characterized by TEM, AFM and FITR. Initial cytotoxicity was conducted in L929 cells to get the dose response. Oxidative stress potential, effect on proliferative capacity, genotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in PBMNCs treated with MRGO were assessed. MRGO elicited a dose dependent ROS generation which promoted apoptosis in PBMNCs. Proliferation of these cells were also found to be hindered. However, MRGO did not induce genotoxicity and generation of reactive nitrogen species. In conclusion MRGO shows a dose dependent toxicity in cells, generating ROS, inducing apoptosis and affecting proliferation, which may be due to the loss of exopolysaccharide coating due to autoclaving. This study raises a serious concern regarding the in vivo biomedical application of MRGO, where IV and IP are the main routes of exposure. Further evaluation is required regarding the interaction of autoclaved MRGO with the blood cells.
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    Graphene: A multifaceted nanomaterial for cutting edge biomedical application
    (Int J Med Nano Res. 2014;1(1)., 2015-02) Cherian, RS; Mohanan, PV
    Graphene, a discrete class of nanomaterial, has come into the limelight after its discovery in 2004. Its unique physico-chemical characteristics like electrical, optical, thermal properties and high mechanical strength has piqued the curiosity of the scientific community worldwide. These properties have been utilized for innovative and novel applications in the field of nanoelectronics and biomedicine. The review focuses on the opportunities and prospects of graphene in biomedical field mainly drug and gene delivery, photo thermal therapy, tissue engineering, bioimaging and sensing
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    Green synthesis of Pluronic stabilized reduced graphene oxide: Chemical and biological characterization.
    (Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2019-03) Cherian, RS; Sandeman, S; Ray, S; Savina, IN; Ashtami, J; Mohanan, PV
    The wonder material graphene has numerous potential applications in nanoelectronics, biomedicine, storage devices, etc. Synthesis of graphene is highly challenging due to the toxic chemicals used and its low yield. In the present study, a facile green route for synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was carried out using ascorbic acid as reducing agent. rGO was stabilized using Pluronic P123 polymer to give Pluronic stabilized reduced graphene oxide (rGO-P) and gave superior yield (15 mg graphene oxide yielded ˜13 mg rGO-P). Despite the potential neuroscience applications of graphene, the impending toxicological outcome upon interaction with neurons is not well understood. Here, differentiated PC-12 neuron-like cells exposed to rGO-P showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Membrane disruption and cytoskeletal integrity remained uncompromised after 24 h exposure. Oxidative stress in PC-12 was evident due to an increase in ROS generation in dose and time-dependent manner. In vivo acute toxicity was assessed in mice administered with 10 mg/kg body weight of rGO-P. There were no evident changes in behaviour, motor function or other morphological changes. In conclusion, rGO-P was successfully synthesized and provided superior yield. Even though in vitro toxicity testing showed dose-dependent toxicity, in vivo toxic effect was not apparent.
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    Organ distribution and biological compatibility of surfacefunctionalized reduced graphene oxide
    (Nanotechnology, 2020-01) Cherian, RS; Anju, S; Paul, W; Sabareeswaran, A; Mohanan, PV
    Graphene is an sp2 hybridized allotrope of carbon with a honeycomb lattice structure that has many applications in biomedicine owing to its unique physico-chemical properties. Graphene has attracted much interest from scientists for its biomedical potential, including in drug/gene delivery, fluorescent labeling of target analytes, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and MRI contrast enhancement. However, there are very limited data available concerning the toxicity of graphene, and efforts have been made to study the bio-nano interactions of Pluronic functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO-P) in animal models. The present study aimed to evaluate the systemic toxicity of rGO-P and its ability to cross the blood–brain barrier in Swiss Albino mice subject to acute exposure to 10 mg kg−1 body weight of rGO-P. Prolonged exposure was evaluated in female Wistar rats by analyzing feto-placental transmission and any associated developmental neurotoxicity after intravenous administration of 5 mg kg−1 and 10 mg kg−1 body weight of rGO-P. Biodistribution analysis using confocal Raman mapping indicated that tiny amounts of rGO-P accumulated in major organs of both dams and pups, with no evident toxic response. The accumulation of rGO-P in various tissues of rat pups born to treated dams is ample evidence of feto-placental transmission. The present study clearly suggests that rGO-P is not toxic under any of the experimental conditions. These findings can therefore be carried forward for application of rGO-P in drug/gene delivery, early diagnosis and treatment of various diseases in neonates and adults. The results of the study show that rGO-P is an auspicious and promising material for future healthcare applications.
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    Synthesis And Characterization of Pegylated Reduced Graphene Oxide: Determination of Toxicity Using Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
    (Journal of Applied Chemical Science International., 2015-10) Syama, S; Reshma, S; Cherian, RS; Poulose, AC; Maekawa, TD; Sakthikumar, D; Mohanan, PV
    Graphene is novel class of carbon based nanomaterial that has several unique physico-chemical characteristics. These properties are being exploited in the biomedical field especially stem cell regenerative therapy. Due to their superior mechanical strength, ability to induce stem cell differentiation and proliferation and antibacterial properties, it is used as a coating for tissue engineered scaffolds. However there is a scarcity of literature on biocompatibility of graphene. The aim of this study is to synthesize PEGylated reduced graphene oxide (PrGO) and assess its biocompatibility in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PrGO was synthesized by reduction of graphene oxide and characterized using TEM, SAED, AFM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy and FTIR. MSCs were subjected to characterization to evaluate their stemness. The characterized MSCs were exposed to varying concentration of PrGO and MTT assay was carried out. It was found that PEG was successfully coated on to rGO and MSCs maintained their stemness in vitro. Moreover, the PrGO was found to be biocompatible and increase proliferation of MSCs. In conclusion, in-house synthesized PrGO was found to be non toxic when exposed to MSCs. This study can help design PrGO for safe biomedical applications.