Browsing by Author "Muraleedharan, CV"

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    A comparative study of titanium nitride (TiN), titanium oxy nitride (TiON) and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN), as surface coatings for bio implants
    (SURFACE & COATINGS TECHNOLOGY, 2011) Subramanian, B; Muraleedharan, CV; Ananthakumar, R; Jayachandran, M
    In the present study, the performance of three titanium nitride coatings: TiN, TiON, and TiAlN for biomedical applications were assessed in terms of their surface properties electrochemical corrosion in simulated body fluid and cytotoxicity. Layers of TiN. TiON and TiAlN were deposited onto CP-Ti substrates by DC reactive magnetron sputtering method using a combination of a Ti, Ti-Al targets and an Ar-N(2) mixture discharge gas. The presence of different phases was identified by XRD analysis. The morphology was determined through atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. The XPS survey spectra on the etched surfaces of TiN film exhibited the characteristic Ti2p, N1s, O1s peaks at the corresponding binding energies 454.5, 397.0, and 530.6 eV respectively. The characteristic Raman peaks were observed from the Laser Raman spectrometer. Platelet adhesion experiments were done to examine the interaction between blood and the materials in vitro. On Control samples (CP Ti), platelets were seen as aggregates, whereas on coated samples, platelets were seen as singles, without any significant spreading. Cytocompatibility studies of coated samples were carried out with bare titanium (CP Ti ASTM B 348) as controls. L-929 mouse fibroblast cells were used for samples. All materials showed good cytocompatbility with cell lines used. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    An automated data acquisition system for capturing physiological parameters during animal trials of artificial heart valves
    (International journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, 2012-10) Sujesh, S; Rajeev, A; Shenoy Sachin, J; Umashankar, PR; Muraleedharan, CV
    Animal trials form an important phase of any medical device development, especially in the context of implantable devices like artificial heart valves. Monitoring and recording parameters such as physiological pressures and Electrocardiogram (ECG) is essential for assessing the performance of the valve. A dedicated automated data acquisition system was developed for capturing these vital characteristics during implantation, immediately post operative and prior to the explantation of the device. The hardware was designed around the PXI (Pci eXtension for Instrumentation) modular data acquisition chassis and the software was developed using LabVIEW (both National Instruments, USA). A set of transducers was identified, validated and incorporated into the system for converting physical signals to analogue electrical signals. The system was employed in more than fifteen animal experiments and found to be extremely useful for automated data capturing. It provided valuable sets of additional data for many specific studies like analysis of valve sounds, which would not have been possible if the conventional approach to animal experiments and data collection was used. A well planned strategy for collecting maximum useful data from animal experiments goes well along with the reduction alternative of the 3R strategies of replacement, reduction and refinement of animal experiments.
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    Bio-mimetic composite matrix that promotes endothelial cell growth for modification of biomaterial surface
    (JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A, 2007)
    The incidence of thrombogenesis and occlusion of cardiovascular implants is likely to be reduced by endothelial cell (EC) growth promotion on biornaterials used for device fabrication. However, proper signaling between the matrix proteins deposited on the device surface and the cells grown on it is a prime requirement for growth and function. It was demonstrated earlier that a composition of matrix proteins that include fibrin, fibronectin, gelatin, and growth factors maintain a steady proliferation potential and prolong the survival of endothelial cells in vitro. In this study, assessment of the same matrix to prevent EC from dedifferentiation during in vitro culture and to promote endothelialization of biornaterials used for fabrication of cardiovascular implants is carried out. Up/ down regulation of m-RNA expression for a prothrombotic molecule-plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI), and two antithrombotic molecules- nitric oxide synthetase (eNOS) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) are chosen as the indicators of cell dedifferentiation during cell culture and passaging. Immunostaining for vinculin and actin demonstrated that composite coating on biomaterials improves focal adhesion and cytoskeletal organization that increases the quality of EC grown on it. EC proliferation, measured by H-3-thymidine uptake, on all bare materials was poor and high incidence of cell apoptosis was noticed within 72 h in culture, whereas once coated with composite all materials showed good proliferation and survival. The results suggest that the designed composition of biomimetic adhesive proteins and growth factors is suitable for EC growth, survival, and functional integrity, thus making it suitable for cardiovascular tissue engineering that requires in vitro EC culture. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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    Cavity Conformable Surgical Space Stent Retractor (SSSR) design and proof of concept (Project - 6230)
    (SCTIMST, 2022-04-30) George, CV; Arvind Kumar Prajapati; Muraleedharan, CV
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    Characterization of surface modified polyester fabric
    (JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE, 2009) Joseph, R; Shelma, R; Rajeev, A; Muraleedharan, CV
    Woven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric has been used in the construction of vascular grafts and sewing ring of prosthetic heart valves. In an effort to improve haemocompatibility and tissue response to PET fabric, a fluoropolymer, polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), was coated on PET fabric by dip coating technique. The coating was found to be uniform and no significant changes occurred on physical properties such as water permeability and burst strength. Cell culture cytotoxicity studies showed that coated PET was non-cytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cell lines. In vitro studies revealed that coating improved haemocompatibility of PET fabric material. Coating reduced platelet consumption of PET fabric by 50%. Upon surface modification leukocyte consumption of PET was reduced by 24%. About 60% reduction in partial thromboplastin time (PTT) observed when PET was coated with PVDF. Results of endothelial cell proliferation studies showed that surface coating did not have any substantial impact on cell proliferation. Overall results indicate that coating has potential to improve haemocompatibility of PET fabric without affecting its mechanical performance.
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    Characterization of surface modified polyester fabric.
    (Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine, 2009)
    Woven polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric has been used in the construction of vascular grafts and sewing ring of prosthetic heart valves. In an effort to improve haemocompatibility and tissue response to PET fabric, a fluoropolymer, polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), was coated on PET fabric by dip coating technique. The coating was found to be uniform and no significant changes occurred on physical properties such as water permeability and burst strength. Cell culture cytotoxicity studies showed that coated PET was non-cytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cell lines. In vitro studies revealed that coating improved haemocompatibility of PET fabric material. Coating reduced platelet consumption of PET fabric by 50%. Upon surface modification leukocyte consumption of PET was reduced by 24%. About 60% reduction in partial thromboplastin time (PTT) observed when PET was coated with PVDF. Results of endothelial cell proliferation studies showed that surface coating did not have any substantial impact on cell proliferation. Overall results indicate that coating has potential to improve haemocompatibility of PET fabric without affecting its mechanical performance.
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    Chitra Disinfection Gateway for the Management of COVID 19 in Public Entry Places
    (Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, 2020-07) Krishnan, J; Subhash, NN; Muraleedharan, CV; Mohanan, PV; Nandakumar, M; Neethu, S; Rethnagireeshwar, R
    Chitra Disinfection Gateway is meant for the decontamination of personnel entering a cleaner private space from a public space. This is equipped with an arrangement for generating hydrogen peroxide mist and ultraviolet rays. Hydrogen peroxide mist will decontaminate clothes, hands and the bags a person carries. The ultraviolet system will decontaminate the chamber once the person has moved out. The system is controlled electronically by sensors and actuators. The sensors fixed in the chamber detect the entry of a person and initiates the hydrogen peroxide atomization process. The person is required to walk through the chamber. When the person exits the chamber, the system will put off the hydrogen peroxide atomization system and will turn on the UV lamp inside the chamber to decontaminate it. The ultraviolet system will be ON for a predefined time and after the process, the next person can enter the walkway. The whole process takes a maximum of 40 s. The safety and efficacy of the system have been validated experimentally through both in vivo and in vitro studies.
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    Chitra Ultraviolet C Based Facemask Disposal Bin
    (Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, 2020-06) Neelakandan, SN; Sukesan, A; Jerard, J; Uthaman, VP; Vasudevan, VD; Sarojini Amma, PK SP; Nandkumar, M; Muraleedharan, CV
    Used face masks are hazardous waste and must be discarded immediately upon removal. Instead of throwing used masks into the disposal bin, disinfecting the masks is essential to break the chain of infection spread. The development of this device was attempted for COVID-19 management, with the following focus: (1) solution which have sufficient science background established so that extensive experimental validation need not be attempted during the lockdown period in India. (2) Provide solution which could be replicated with local resources and minimum material movement. Therefore, in response to the pressing societal demand we designed, prototyped, verified and validated an UV-C-based multipurpose disinfection device. The device after safety and efficacy evaluation as per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines for novel COVID-19 solutions, received Central Drugs Control Standard Organization (CDSCO) registration as non-notified medical device for commercialization.
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    Design and Evaluation of Chitra Swab Collection Booths for Health Professionals in COVID-19 Pandemic
    (Transactions of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, 2020-12) Prajapati, AK; Nair, SS; Venkatesan, RB; Muraleedharan, CV; Kishore, A
    The 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), officially named as COVID-19 by the WHO, has spread to more than 180 countries and the confirmed coronavirus cases have reached around 10 million with 0.6 million deaths by end of June 2020. Moreover, there is no sign of a sustained decline in any country till date. Continuous rise of positive cases has instilled fear in people, society and even health professionals. According to WHO’s daily situation report, 22,073 COVID-19 cases of healthcare professionals have been reported to the WHO as of Wednesday, 8 April 2020 by Jin (Mil Med Res 7:24, 2020). Infection to health professionals is a serious concern not only because they are a valuable frontline worker but also because of the risk of spread to co-workers and non-Covid patients. This project was undertaken to develop a solution to minimize the chance of infection to the health care professionals by providing them isolation from a potential source of Covid-19 and similar highly contagious diseases. The two models of Chitra swab collection booth were developed to: (1) protect health professionals from the risk of infection (2) to provide technical know-how to manufacturers to produce booths using locally available materials while meeting international regulations and (3) reduce the consumption of personal protective equipment. The prototypes developed were tested for safety and efficacy in accordance with the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA. The device received the registration for commercialisation from the Central Drugs Control Standard Organization, Ministry of Health, Government of India, as a non-notified medical device.
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    Design of novel polyaxial screws for thoracolumbar stabilization: a pilot study (Project - 6234)
    (SCTIMST, 2021-12-31) Arvind Kumar Prajapati; Krishna Kumar, K; Muraleedharan, CV; Ganesh Divakar; Sachin J Shenoy; Sivakumar, KGV
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    Development and Evaluation of Expandable Brain Retractor with Tunable Expansion Ratio
    (Trends in Biomaterial and Artificial Organs, 2022-01) Prajapati, AK; Vilanilam, GC; Muraleedharan, CV
    The brain tumor treatment is challenging and requires highly skilled neurosurgeon. These tumors are surgically excised by isolating them from normal tissue using surgical retractors. The retractors provide maximal and safe exposure of the surgical field to the surgeon, which is evolved from the handheld retraction system. The majority of brain surgeries use Leyla and Greenberg retract. This traditional retractor induced ischemia, edema and parenchymal trauma are well known, which result in brain tissue injury in up to 29% of cases. The authors conceptualized a single unit circumferential 360-degree expansion mechanism to reduce brain injuries. Further, the surface area is optimized to keep brain tissue retraction pressure within the limit of Leyla retractor. The design equations are derived for smooth manufacturing and a simple locking mechanism maintains retractor to certain deployed diameter in a stable and steady manner. The device is prototyped, and the concept is verified against analytical models. It is conceived as a cost-effective, efficient, and easily manufacturable concept using design equations. The findings demonstrate the advantage of the proposed retractor over existing retractors. The retractor aims to provide optimal retraction pressure, facile handling, universal size, and workspace between the retractor flanges. Its applications may also extend to other surgical specialities and visceral organ sites.
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    Development of an in-vitro Pyrogen test kit: Evaluation of pyrogenicity using human whole blood ( Project - 7030 )
    (SCTIMST, 2006-06-30) Mohanan, PV; Lissy K, Krishnan; Muraleedharan, CV; Bhuvaneshwar, GS
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    Development of Annuloplasty ring for Mitral Valve Correction (Project - 8128 )
    (SCTIMST, 2022-03-31) Ranjith, G; Vivek, Pillai; Muraleedharan, CV; Umashankar; Ramesh, Babu
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    Development of decellularised animal tissue for cardiovascular application ( Project - 8016 )
    (SCTIMST, 2011-12-31) Umashankar, PR; Anil S, Das; Krishna Manohar, SR; Muraleedharan, CV; Nagesh, DS; Maya, Nandakumar; Binoy, VS
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    Development of National GLP Guidelines & Identification and selection of National Regulatory Guidelines for Testing and Evaluation of Medical Devices ( Project - 8027 )
    (SCTIMST, 2022-03-31) Mohanan, PV; Muraleedharan, CV; Nagesh, DS; Maya Nandakumar, A; Lissy K, Krishnan; Kumary, TV; Mira, Mohanty; Sreenivasan, K; Bhuvaneshwar, GS
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    Development of novel prototype mechanical clot retriever for the treatment of acute cerebral ischemic stroke (Project - 8179)
    (SCTIMST, 2021-06-30) Santhosh Kumar, K; Sujesh Sreedharan; Jayadevan, ER; Muraleedharan, CV
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    Development of the chitra tilting disc heart valve prosthesis
    (JOURNAL OF HEART VALVE DISEASE, 1996) Bhuvaneshwar, GS; Muraleedharan, CV; Vijayan, GA; Kumar, RS; Valiathan, MS
    Background nun aims of the study: The high prevalence of rheumatic valvular disease in the young population and the high cost of imports necessitated the development of an Indian valve. The development of a tilting disc prosthesis was successfully concluded in February 1995, when the third model completed its clinical trial. The tilting disc valve has an integrally machined cobalt alloy cage, an ultra high molecular weight polyethylene disc and a polyester suture ring. The choice of design was based on its superior hydrodynamics and the age distribution of patients, the majority of whom were below 30 years. The polymer-metal combination was selected for its extremely low wear rate and proven durability in the human body. Materials and methods: The hydrodynamic performance was tested under steady and pulsatile flow conditions. The accelerated durability of nine test valves was evaluated at 800-840 cycles/min for over 350 million cycles each. Size 23mm valves mere implanted in the mitral position of five sheep. In a clinical trial, 306 patients with isolated mitral or aortic valve replacements were followed up for a total of 371 patient years (mean 1.37 years and range 0-4 years). Results: The hydrodynamic performance was comparable to that of proven clinical models. The accelerated testing indicated lifetimes in excess of 50 years and the animal trials showed the valve to be safe. In the clinical trial, there was no incidence of structural failure or paravalvular leak. The linearized rate of late thromboembolism was 6.2 %/patient-year (pty), anticoagulant related hemorrhage 0.54 %/pty and infective endocarditis 0.54 %/pty. At two years, the total actuarial survival was 89.5%. The higher incidence of thromboembolism and the very low incidence of anticoagulant related hemorrhage illustrate the difficulty in the management of anticoagulant therapy in a developing country, while the low incidence of endocarditis reflects their greater resistance to infection. Conclusion: These data clearly showed the valve to be safe and comparable to other similar valves in clinical use.
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    Developments in mechanical heart valve prosthesis
    (SADHANA-ACADEMY PROCEEDINGS IN ENGINEERING SCIENCES, 2003) Nair, K; Muraleedharan, CV; Bhuvaneshwar, GS
    Artificial heart valves are engineered devices used for replacing diseased or damaged natural valves of the heart. Most commonly used for replacement are mechanical heart valves and biological valves. This paper briefly outlines the evolution, designs employed, materials being used,. and important factors that affect the performance of mechanical heart valves. The clinical performance of mechanical heart valves is also addressed. Efforts made in India in the development of mechanical heart valves are also discussed.
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    Diabetic Foot Ulcer Offloader ( Project - 7444 )
    (SCTIMST, 2021-10-20) Subhash, NN; Muraleedharan, CV
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    Emergency Response Isolation Systems (Project - 8228)
    (SCTIMST, 2020-06-12) Subhash, NN; Muraleedharan, CV