Browsing by Author "Prajitha, N"

Now showing 1 - 11 of 11
  • Item
    Assessment of Inflammatory Response on Pyrogenic Induction by In vitro and In vivo Methods
    (Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 2022-01) Prajitha, N; Megha, KB; Mohanan, PV
  • Item
    Bio-interactions and risks of engineered nanoparticles
    (Environmental Research., 2019-02) Prajitha, N; Athira, SS; Mohanan, PV
    Nano technological research offered uncountable opportunities for engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) in the field of biomedical, pharmaceutical, agricultural, cosmetics, textiles, automobiles and electronic industry. Large scale commercial production and use of nanoparticles with smaller size and characteristic physico-chemical properties enhance the possibility of amenable toxicity to the environment. Primary important species of the ecosystem like bacteria, algae, fishes and plants are at high risk with nanoparticle (NP) toxicity. ENP distributed in air, water and soil can directly affect the livelihood or even the existence of smaller organisms. In day-today life, human beings are getting exposed to thousands of NPs via dermal contact, inhalation or ingestion. Topical application of sunscreens and cosmetics containing ENPs has the potential to induce photo toxicity under ultra violet irradiation. ENP intentionally or non-intentionally enter into the body will affect the entire organ system and execute their toxicity even in reproduction and fetal developmental stages. Unfortunately the existing researches to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro toxic effects of ENPs are inefficient to give the exact nature and depth of toxicity. Hence an effort was made to discuss on the characteristics, classification, synthesis, applications and toxic potentials of various classes of commercially relevant ENPs along with a detailed review on currently available literatures.
  • Item
  • Item
    Complicity of degradable polymers in health-care applications
    (Materials Today Chemistry, 2020-01) Anju, S; Prajitha, N; Sukanya, VS; Mohanan, PV
    Polymeric biomaterials have revolutionized biomedical technology and related fields as biomaterials for health-care applications. Recent trend in polymeric medical technology has adapted a tendency to substitute degradable polymers instead of non-degradable synthetic polymers for the advancement of various health-care modalities. They have got considerable attention for their potential in various interdisciplinary arenas, which implies tissue engineering scaffolds, sustainable drug release, delivery agents, regenerative medicine, and development of life-saving devices, implants, dental products as well as in food technology. Various types of degradable polymers are been developed to date having stringent features applicable for various aspects in modern science. Thus, being the most renovative field of biomedicine and biomedical technology degradable polymers has gained substantial acceptance and appreciation recent times. This review critically underlines various degradative polymers and their subtypes, potential applications, types of degradation, and their possible effects in the biological system. Assessment of possible toxicological risks behind is an important criterion to be focused before validating any biomaterial safe for biomedical applications. Therefore various toxicological assessment strategies and their impact in biomedicine and technology were also included. In addition, the risk versus benefit assessment is also critically summarized.
  • Item
    Comprehensive biology of antipyretic pathways
    (Cytokine, 2019-04) Prajitha, N; Athira, SS; Mohanan, PV
    Pyrogens, the fever inducing substances accidently enter into a human body through contamination from medical or pharmaceutical products may create mild to severe complications including septicaemia and shocking syndromes. To avoid such drastic situations all the pharmaceuticals and medical devices are analysed for presence of pyrogens prior to their release into market. The entry of exogenous pyrogens like bacterial endotoxins induces the release of endogenous pyrogens or inflammatory cytokines that activate immune system to defend against these pathogens. Generation of heat is considered as one of the important defence mechanism of body achieved through receptor mediated interaction of endogenous pyrogens at the thermoregulatory centre of hypothalamus. However, uncontrolled fever and febrile reaction may cause lethal effects to the subject itself. So a well sophistically functioning antipyretic mechanism is necessary to achieve thermoregulation. The coordinated interaction of antipyretic cytokines and other mediators are active in human immune system which play a crucial role in maintaining thermal homeostasis. The multiple interacting antipyretic signals and their mechanism are the major subjects of this review.
  • Item
    Cytoskeletal synchronization of CHO cells with polymer functionalized fullerene C60
    (Biointerphases, 2019-03) Biby, ET; Prajitha, N; Rajeev, KS; Mohanan, PV
    Recent developments in the field of fullerene C60 and its derivatives suggest its suitability in a wide range of applications ranging from photovoltaic instruments, development of solar based cells, cosmetics to enzyme inhibition treatment, and so on. These innovative applications raised possibilities of intentional or oblivious human-particle contact leading to possible deleterious effects on human health. The current study deals with the interaction of dextran functionalized fullerene C60 (Dex-C60) on Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. The results showed that the cell viability was not affected by Dex-C60 treatment even at higher concentrations. Treatment of Dex-C60 did not affect mitochondrial membrane potential and the integrity of lysosomal and cytoskeletal membrane. DNA ladder assay and nuclear staining showed that the DNA remains intact, and no fragmentation or nuclear condensation was visible. From flow cytometry analysis, the viable population of treated cells was seemed to be remaining similar to that of untreated cells. Hence, from the current result, it is concluded that Dex-C60 can be a potential candidate for various biomedical applications.
  • Item
    Effect of cyanide ions (CN-) extracted from cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) on Alveolar Epithelial Cells (A549 cells)
    (Toxicology, 2021-12) Joseph, T; Sreejith, S; Joseph, X; Sangeetha, VP; Prajitha, N; Vandana, U; Jayaprakas, CA; Mohanan, PV
    Cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) is one of the most important root crops in tropical countries. It is a major source of cyanogenic glycosides viz. linamarin and lotaustralin, and these on breakdown liberate HCN and ketone. Cassava cyanide extract (CCE) from cassava leaves and tuber rinds were formulated as a biopesticide against certain borer insect pests of horticultural crops. Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) were treated with three different concentrations (100, 200, 400 ppm) of CCE. The MTT and NRU assays showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The DCFH-DA assay does not show any free radical scavenging activity, whereas the NRR assay showed a reduction in the nitrile radicals with an increase in the concentration of the bioactive compound. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of the bioactive principles and mitochondrial and lysosomal functions. Various cellular assays demonstrated the cellular response of the CCE, and it was found that at higher concentration (400 ppm), the CCE exert a significant necrotic cell death rather than apoptosis. The results of the study indicated that the CCE have a remarkable tendency of anti-proliferative ability.
  • Item
    Interaction of nanoparticles with central nervous system and its consequences
    (American Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 2018-09) Athira, SS; Prajitha, N; Mohanan, PV
    Nanotechnology has gained a non-replaceable role in a host of applications in biomedical, agricultural, consumer, military, and in industrial sectors. However, when observed through the perspective of the central nervous system (CNS) particularly, studies evidently provide data on both beneficial and detrimental effects of nanoparticles (NPs). While there exist a milieu of beneficial applications like axonal regeneration, CNS imaging, neurological surgeries etc., NPs open the doorway for an array of toxic reactions in CNS centers because of their effortless passage through brain barriers. Even though literature endow with generalized toxic mechanisms mediated by NPs in varying tissues, specific toxic reactions in CNS are still lacking. Present review mainly focuses on different routes through which NPs get access into the brain and certain modes of toxic mechanisms exhibited by NPs in CNS. A number of applications of NPs in the diagnosis and treatment of CNS disorders also will be reviewed in concise.
  • Item
    Intracellular inflammatory signalling cascades in human monocytic cells on challenge with phytohemagglutinin and 2,4,6 trinitrophenol
    (Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 2021-11) Prajitha, N; Mohanan, PV
    Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a plant mitogen that can agglutinate human leukocytes and erythrocytes. PHA is mainly derived from red kidney beans and can act as an exogenous pyrogen. When entering into the blood circulation, exogenous pyrogens principally interact with monocytes and macrophages and induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Monocytes and macrophages are the cells that fight against foreign invaders and acts as a primary line of immune defence. Similar to PHA, the chemical 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) also acts as an exogenous pyrogen. The study focused on the in vitro interaction of PHA and TNP with the human monocyte/macrophage cell model THP-1. The exposure and associated change in cellular morphology, organelle function, mechanism of cell death, inflammatory signalling and expression of inflammation-related genes were analyzed in different time periods. It was observed that PHA and TNP induce dose and time-dependent toxicity to monocytes/macrophages where the mechanism of cell death was different for PHA and TNP. Both PHA and TNP can evoke immune signalling with increased expression of inflammatory genes and associated activation of intracellular signalling cascades.
  • Item
    Pyrogens, a polypeptide produces fever by metabolic changes in hypothalamus: Mechanisms and detections.
    (Immunology Letters, 2019-01) Prajitha, N; Athira, SS; Mohanan, PV
    Fever is one of the cardinal symptoms of onset of an infection or inflammation and is the common clinical indicator for medical consultation in mammalian host worldwide. Simply, fever manifested with elevation of body temperature from normal physiological range represents adaptive response of immune system on challenge with an infectious and non-infectious circumstance. Fever usually initiated in the periphery as a result of interaction of immune cells with exogenous or endogenous pyrogens. Peripheral pyrogenic signals gain access to the central nervous system via humoral and neural route. Humoral pathway was initiated with production of pyrogenic cytokines and prostaglandins from immune cells of blood as well as liver, transmitted directly to pre-optic area of hypothalamus through the circumventricular organ of brain. On the other hand an alternative pathway was initiated by the same cytokines indirectly via stimulating the vagal sensory neurons result in pyrogenic fever; so-called neuronal pathway. If the magnitude of pyrogens associated fever is very high, it will lead to severe illness ranging from septic shock to death. So it is necessary to evaluate the presence of pyrogens in implants, medical devices, drugs and biological materials to ensure safety in biomedical applications and therapeutics. Classification, route of administration, mechanism of action and detection of pyrogens and associated products are the major subject of this review.
  • Item
    Toxicity of dextran stabilized fullerene C60 against C6 Glial cells
    (Brain Research Bulletin, 2020-01) Biby, TE; Prajitha, N; Ashtami, J; Sakthikumar, D; Maekawa, T; Mohanan, PV
    Elevated application potential of fullerene C60 paved the way to think on its adverse effect when it reaches to biological system and environment. Though fullerenes are insoluble in water, various strategies are employed to make it soluble. Method of solubilization with organic solvents, yield cytotoxic responses both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, dextran was used to stabilize C60 particle. Fourier transformed-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and transition electron microscopy (TEM) were used for characterization and it confirms effective surface stabilization and morphological characteristics. This was followed by various cytotoxicity studies to evaluate its bio-nano interactions. The results of the study suggest that the dextran stabilized C60 nanoparticles (Dex-C60) forms uniform suspension in water and was stable up to 72 h. The C6 glial cell-Dex-C60 interactions indicated that the Dex-C60 nanoparticles penetrate deeper into the cells and cause dose dependent toxic response. The result of the study recommended that Dex-C60 nanoparticles should undergo intensive risk assessment before biomedical applications and should take proper safety measure to avoid its entry to the environment.