Browsing by Author "Suresh Babu, S"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Cellular and sub-chronic toxicity of hydroxyapatite porous beads loaded with antibiotic in rabbits, indented for chronic osteomyelitis
    (International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2022-02) Vandana, U; Akhil, V; Suresh Babu, S; Francis, B; Sabareeswaran, A; Varma, HK; Mohanan, PV
    Bioceramics have emerged as a hopeful remedy for site-specific drug delivery in orthopaedic complications, especially in chronic osteomyelitis. The bioresorbable nature of bioceramic materials shaped them into a versatile class of local antibiotic delivery systems in the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis. Hydroxyapatite (HA) based bioceramics with natural bone mimicking chemical composition are of particular interest due to their excellent biocompatibility, better osteoconductive and osteointegrative properties. Although HA has been widely recognized as an efficient tool for local delivery of antibiotics, information regarding its subchronic systemic toxicity have not been explored yet. Moreover, a detailed investigation of in vivo subchronic systemic toxicity of HA is critical for understanding its biocompatibility and futuristic clinical applications of these materials as novel therapeutic system in its long haul. Evaluation of biocompatibility and sub-chronic systemic toxicity are significant determinants in ensuring biomedical device’s long-term functionality and success. Sub-chronic systemic toxicity allows assessing the potential adverse effects caused by leachable and nanosized wear particles from the device materials under permissible human exposure to the distant organs that are not in direct contact with the devices. In this context, the present study evaluates the sub-chronic systemic toxicity of in-house developed Hydroxyapatite porous beads (HAPB), gentamicin-loaded HAPB (HAPB + G) and vancomycin- loaded HAPB (HAPB + V) through 4 and 26-week muscle implantation in New Zealand white rabbits, as per ISO 10993–6 and ISO 10993–11. Analysis of cellular responses of HAPB towards Human Osteosarcoma (HOS) cell line through MTT assay, direct contact cytotoxicity, live/dead assay based on Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC) showed its non-cytotoxic behaviour. Histopathological analysis of muscle tissue, organs like heart, lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, adrenals, intestine, testes, ovaries, and uterus did not reveal any abnormal biological responses. Our study concludes that the HAPB, gentamicin-loaded HAPB (HAPB + G) and vancomycin-loaded HAPB (HAPB + V) are biocompatible and did not induce sub-chronic systemic toxicity and hence satisfies the criteria for regulatory approval of HAs as a plausible candidate for
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    Determination of the bioavailability of zinc oxide nanoparticles using ICP-AES and associated toxicity
    (Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces., 2020-01) Sudhakaran, S; Athira, SS; Suresh Babu, S; Varma, HK; Mohanan, PV
    Advancement in nanotechnology has brought abundant number of products and materials in multiple fields including biomedicine owing to their unique physico-chemical properties. This further necessitates toxicity assessment of nanoparticles (NPs) before they are employed for product fabrication, medicinal, environmental or industrial purposes. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) belong to the category of metal oxide NPs and hold quite a lot of possibilities to be applied in aforementioned scenarios. Present study addresses the probable outcomes of bio-nano interaction of ZnONPs with healthy adult Wistar rats. Sphere head shaped ZnONPs were synthesized via wet chemical method. Physico-chemical characterization was performed using number of sophisticated techniques including HR-TEM, Zeta potential analysis, TGA and XRD. Size of the particles was found to be 43 nm and ensured homogenous distribution with high purity. For in vivo studies, as synthesized NPs were administered into rats via intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) routes. Animals were sacrificed on 3rd, 14th and 21st day of exposure. Metabolically relevant tissues like brain, liver, kidneys and spleen were isolated and analyzed for different parameters like gross pathology, haematology, neurotoxicity, target organ toxicity, immunotoxicity etc. Results suggests that ZnONPs did not elicit significant toxic responses in rat except a few anomalies with histology, ion content and antioxidant system within liver; thereby confirming potent hepatotoxicity. Hence the study recommends adopting surface functionalization strategies for reducing toxic response of ZnONPs during various application rationales.
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    Development of an injectable bioactive bone filler cement with hydrogen orthophosphate incorporated calcium sulfate
    (J Mater Sci Mater Med., 2015-03) Sony, S; Suresh Babu, S; Nishad, KV; Varma, H; Komath, M
    Calcium sulfate cement (CSC) has emerged as a potential bone filler material mainly because of the possibility of incorporating therapeutic agents. Delivery of the cement through a needle or cannula will make it more useful in clinical applications. However, it was not possible to make CSC injectable because of the inherent lack of viscosity. The present work demonstrates the design development of a viscous and fully-injectable CSC by incorporating hydrogen orthophosphate ions, which does not hamper the biocompatibility of the material. The effect of addition of hydrogen orthophosphate on the rheological properties of the CSC paste was studied using a custom made capillary rheometer. The physicochemical changes associated with cement setting process were examined using X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the thermal changes were measured through isothermal differential scanning calorimetry. Micromorphological features of different compositions were observed in environmental scanning electron microscopy and the presence of phosphate ions was identified with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy. The results indicated that HPO4 2− ions have profound effects on the rheological properties and setting of the CSC paste. Significant finding is that the HPO4 2− ions are getting substituted in the calcium sulfate dihydrate crystals during setting. The variations of setting time and compressive strength of the cement with the additive concentration were investigated. An optimum concentration of 2.5 % w/w gave a fully-injectable cement with clinically relevant setting time (below 20 min) and compressive strength (12 MPa). It was possible to inject the optimised cement paste from a syringe through an 18-gauge needle with thumb pressure. This cement will be useful both as bone filler and as a local drug delivery medium and it allows minimally invasive bone defect management.
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    In vitro evaluation of bioactive strontium-based ceramic with rabbit adipose-derived stem cells for bone tissue regeneration.
    (J Materials Sc: Materials Med., 2013-11) Mohan, BG; Suresh Babu, S; Varma, HK; John, A
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    Short-term studies using ceramic scaffolds in lapine model for osteochondral defect amelioration.
    (Biomedical materials (Bristol, England), 2012)
    This study was undertaken to glean preliminary information on the role of triphasic ceramic coated hydroxyapatite (HASi) and biphasic (alpha-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite based) calcium phosphate (BCP) for the development of osteochondral constructs. The proposed constructs were tested for performance in vitro with rabbit adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (RADMSCs) and further analysed in vivo in a lapine model for osteochondral defect amelioration. Desirable scaffolding architecture ensuring favourable conditions for cell attachment, nutrient exchange and neo-tissue organization was achieved by the synthesis of porous ceramic blocks and characterizations were carried out using x-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The cytocompatibility of the scaffold-cell combination product was evaluated using microscopy techniques that proved the scaffold to be non-cytotoxic and favourable for cell growth and proliferation. Short-term implantation studies were conducted with bare cylindrical HASi and BCP scaffolds, press fit deep into the bony bed of the median femoral condyles of the rabbit, which resulted in favourable specific in vivo response of de novo cartilage-like cells on the surface and sub-surface bony trabeculae. The generated pilot data will help to assess the severity of proposed procedures before embarking on scaled-up efforts.