Browsing by Author "Joseph, X"

Now showing 1 - 9 of 9
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    3D printed arrowroot starch-gellan scaffolds for wound healing applications
    (International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024-03) Abey, J; Fathah, M; Athira, SV; Joseph, X; Megha, KB; Akash, K; Nigina, G; Mohanan, PV; Baiju, GN
    Skin, the largest organ in the body, blocks the entry of environmental pollutants into the system. Any injury to this organ allows infections and other harmful substances into the body. 3D bioprinting, a state-of-the-art technique, is suitable for fabricating cell culture scaffolds to heal chronic wounds rapidly. This study uses starch extracted from Maranta arundinacea (Arrowroot plant) (AS) and gellan gum (GG) to develop a bioink for 3D printing a scaffold capable of hosting animal cells. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) prove that the isolated AS is analogous to commercial starch. The cell culture scaffolds developed are superior to the existing monolayer culture. Infrared microscopy shows the AS-GG interaction and elucidates the mechanism of hydrogel formation. The physicochemical properties of the 3D-printed scaffold are analyzed to check the cell adhesion and growth; SEM images have confirmed that the AS-GG printed scaffold can support cell growth and proliferation, and the MTT assay shows good cell viability. Cell behavioral and migration studies reveal that cells are healthy. Since the scaffold is biocompatible, it can be 3D printed to any shape and structure and will biodegrade in the requisite time.
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    Antineoplastic effects of cassava-cyanide extract on human glioblastoma (LN229) cells
    (Toxicon, 2023-07) Sreejith, S; Joseph, T; Sangeetha, VP; Vandana, U; Joseph, X; Jayaprakas, CA; Mohanan, PV
    Several natural compounds reduce tumour cell growth and metastasis by inducing programmed cell death. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) contains cyanogenic glycosides such as, linamarin and lotaustralin, can be enzymatically cleaved by linamarase to release hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which can have therapeutic benefits against hypertension, asthma, and cancer. We have developed a technology for isolating bio-active principles from cassava leaves.The present study is designed to analyze the cytotoxic effect of cassava cyanide extract (CCE) against human glioblastoma cells (LN229). The treatment of CCE demonstrated a dose dependent toxicity on glioblastoma cells. At higher concentration tested, the CCE (400 μg/mL) was found to be cytotoxic, reducing the cell viability to 14.07 ± 2.15% by negatively influencing the mitochondrial activity, and lysosomal and cytoskeletal integrity. Coomassie's brilliant blue staining confirmed cells' morphological aberration after 24 h of treatment with CCE. Moreover, DCFH-DA assay and Griess reagent showed an increase in ROS but a decrease in RNS production at a concentration of CCE. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CCE interfered with G0/G1, S, and G2/M stages of the cell cycle of glioblastoma, and Annexin/PI staining indicated a dose-dependent increase in cell death, confirming the toxic nature of CCE on LN229 cells. These findings suggest that cassava cyanide extract has potential as an antineoplastic agent against glioblastoma cells, which is an aggressive and difficult-to-treat type of brain cancer. However, it is important to note that the study was conducted in vitro, and further research is necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of CCE in vivo. Additionally, it is essential to establish the optimal dose and potential side effects before considering its use as a therapeutic agent.
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    Cascade of immune mechanism and consequences of inflammatory disorders
    (Phytomedicine, 2021-10) Megha, KB; Joseph, X; Akhil, V; Mohanan, PV
    Inflammatory responses arise as an outcome of tissues or organs exposure towards harmful stimuli like injury, toxic chemicals or pathogenic microorganism. It is a complex cascade of immune mechanism to overcome from tissue injury and to initiate the healing process by recruiting various immune cells, chemical mediators such as the vasoactive peptides and amines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, eicosanoids and acute-phase proteins to prevent tissue damage and ultimately complete restoration of the tissue function. The cytokines exhibits a central function in communication between the cells, inflammatory response initiation, amplification and their regulation. This review covers the importance of inflammatory responses; the significance of cytokines in inflammation and numerous inflammatory disorders/ailments due to the abrupt expression of cytokines and the hyper-inflammatory response or cytokine storm associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 pandemic. Also highlighting the importance of naturally derived anti-inflammatory metabolites to overcome the side-effects of currently prevailing anti-inflammatory drugs.
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    Cytocompatibility of Pluronics F-127 on adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 cells)
    (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022-05) Megha, KB; Swathi, S; Joseph, X; Vandana, U; Mohanan, PV
    Pluronics, due to its high water-soluble and thermoreversible ability, attracted much in biomedical applications. They are mainly utilized in drug delivery, gene therapy, and tissue remodeling. The study aims to explore the cytocompatibility of Pluronics F-127, which has gained much popularity due to its various properties. The cells were exposed to varying concentrations of Pluronics F-127 in A549 cells for 24 h. According to the MTT and neutral red assay, A549 cells displayed dose-dependent cell viability. The cell's morphology was preserved after treatment, as seen in phase-contrast and Giemsa staining. When exposed to PF-127, lysosomal, cytoskeletal, and nuclear integrity were maintained. The percentage of live cells in all the treated groups was more significant than 90%, according to the live/dead flow cytometric analyses. The study identified the cytocompatibility of Pluronics F-127 required for the breakthrough in biomedical applications.
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    Effect of cyanide ions (CN-) extracted from cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) on Alveolar Epithelial Cells (A549 cells)
    (Toxicology, 2021-12) Joseph, T; Sreejith, S; Joseph, X; Sangeetha, VP; Prajitha, N; Vandana, U; Jayaprakas, CA; Mohanan, PV
    Cassava (Manihotesculenta Crantz) is one of the most important root crops in tropical countries. It is a major source of cyanogenic glycosides viz. linamarin and lotaustralin, and these on breakdown liberate HCN and ketone. Cassava cyanide extract (CCE) from cassava leaves and tuber rinds were formulated as a biopesticide against certain borer insect pests of horticultural crops. Adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549) were treated with three different concentrations (100, 200, 400 ppm) of CCE. The MTT and NRU assays showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity. The DCFH-DA assay does not show any free radical scavenging activity, whereas the NRR assay showed a reduction in the nitrile radicals with an increase in the concentration of the bioactive compound. A negative correlation was found between the concentration of the bioactive principles and mitochondrial and lysosomal functions. Various cellular assays demonstrated the cellular response of the CCE, and it was found that at higher concentration (400 ppm), the CCE exert a significant necrotic cell death rather than apoptosis. The results of the study indicated that the CCE have a remarkable tendency of anti-proliferative ability.
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    L-Cysteine capped zinc oxide nanoparticles induced cellular response on adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells using a conventional and organ-on-a-chip approach
    (Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2022-03) Arathi, A; Joseph, X; Akhil, V; Mohanan, PV
    Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are among the well-characterized nanomaterials with multifaceted biomedical applications, including biomedical imaging, drug delivery, and pharmaceutical preparations. The high surface charge of ZnO NPs leads to the agglomeration of the particles. Therefore, surface coating with a suitable ligand can increase colloidal stability. In this present study, in-vitro responses of ZnO NPs capped with a sulfur-containing amino acid, L-cysteine (Cys-ZnO NPs), on A549 cells was investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were carried out to confirm the capping of ZnO NPs with L-cysteine. Cytotoxic studies using A549 cells demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity in comparison with already reported pristine Zinc Oxide nanoparticles. The cellular uptake is confirmed by fluorescent cytometry. However, a higher concentration (160 µg/mL) of Cys-ZnO NPs led to apoptotic cell death marked by nuclear condensation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, actin filament condensation, lysosomal damage LDH leakage, intracellular ROS production, blebbing, upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2 gene expression. Cys-ZnO NPs treatment was also carried out in cells cultured in a microfluidic lung-on-a-chip device under a physiologically relevant flow rate. The study concluded that the microfluidic-based lung-on-a-chip culture resulted in reduced cell death compared to the conventional condition.
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    Microfluidic synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles conjugated with nitrogen-doped carbon dots and associated cellular response on A549 cells
    (Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2022-01) Joseph, X; Akhil, V; Arathi, A; Mohanan, PV
    Gelatin nanoparticles are a versatile class of nanoparticles with wide applications, especially in drug delivery and gene delivery. The inherent biocompatible nature of gelatin and various functional groups can improve the cellular interactions and enhance the efficacy of different drug formulations. Microfluidic hydrodynamic flow-focusing techniques can be used for the synthesis of gelatin nanoparticles. The present work syntheses nitrogen-doped carbon dots conjugated with gelatin nanoparticles (NQD-GNPs) using a microfluidic approach and associated cellular response through various assays. MTT, neutral red uptake, and Calcein AM/Propidium iodide (PI) assays independently proved the biocompatible nature of NQD-GNPs. The NQD-GNPs treatment demonstrated a slight increase in reactive nitrogen species generation and lactate dehydrogenase release. However, it does not alter the mitochondrial membrane potential or lysosomal stability. The cellular uptake of NQD-GNP depends on the concentration and does not affect the apoptotic pathway of the cells. Most of the cells remained viable even after treatment with high concentrations of NQD-GNPs.
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    Nanobiomaterials in support of drug delivery related issues
    (Materials Science & Engineering B, 2022-05) Joseph, X; Akhil, V; Arathi, A; Mohanan, PV
    Nanobiomaterials have been widely accepted as potential drug delivery agents over the past decade. A wide variety of materials have been utilized as drug delivery carriers for various diseases like Cancer, Alzheimer's etc. Being the leading cause of death worldwide, effective drug delivery to cancer cells by using nanomaterials has become the most fascinating and dynamic regions of research. The decreased size of these materials increased permeability through physiological barriers, and increased cell to cell interactions are the properties that are highly suitable for drug delivery applications. Biocompatibility and biodegradability are added advantages of using nano biomaterials as drug delivery systems. However, to transfer the nanobiomaterials for advanced clinical applications, a detailed study should be established considering the interactions of these nanobiomaterials with the physiological environment. Moreover, the need for extensive toxicity studies will open up a new window for the effective translation of these materials into clinical drug delivery carriers. The integration of nanomedicine and drug delivery system framework is unquestionably the pattern that will stay in the field of innovative work for quite a long time. Herein, we highlight the challenges of nanobiomaterials related to drug delivery and the possible strategies utilized to overcome the drug delivery-related issues.
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    The Response of Hydroxychloroquine for Covid-19
    (Pharmacology and Toxicology., 2021-07) Joseph, X; Akhil, V; Megha, KB; Mohanan, PV